Colts Running Backs pre snap keys Run-prime and Pass

	Re: Colts Advanced Scouting for Jets-Colts playoff game January 8, 2011
	Outline in Advanced Scouting section of blog.
	Addai is only back not using different setbacks for run-prime verses pass

	Film gone, so could not chart name of back on pass plays.

	Run-prime: setback 7 yards or more

	Pass setback: 6 2/3 yards or less

Definitions:	Run-prime includes either backfielder and end around runs.
	Setback is distance from line to front of back's toes.


Colts-Cincy November 14, 2010
Time	Run-prime	Pass	Setback in yards	Running back
First quarter
09:50:00		X	7 1/3
	This is a hurried shift and Brown simply sets up too deep.
	This is a pass play with left side prime
09:26:00	X		7 1/3	Brown
08:50:00		x	7
	Head jerk audible to 87 with 87 reply with hand movement.
08:11:00		x	6 2/3
07:39:00	X		7	Brown
02:14:00		x	6 ½
01:00:00		x	6 2/3
00:46:00	X		7	James
Second quarter
15:00:00	X		7	James
14:53:00	X		7	James
Skip over to fourth quarter
11:07:00	X		7	James
10:49:00	X		7	James
05:47:00	X		7	Brown
05:40:00	X		7	Brown
05:01:00	X		7	Brown

Colts-Titans December 9, 2010
First quarter
11:50:00	X		7	Brown
	Setback 7 so back is involved. As soon as p/a you know it's 31 prime
Note: Players that set up at consistent different distances for run vs pass may tighten up in red zone.
Brown may be one of those player. Need more examples to verify.
Second quarter:
10:56:00	X		6 2/3	Brown
	Many backs tighten up setbacks in red zone.
10:45:00		X	5 ½
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Joseph Addai pre snap keys Run Colts Packers Pre 3 2011

	Addai pre snap keys:
	Run: - tweeking and or antsy

	Tweeks defined: - lifting and replacing foot in same place
	- can also just be a toe lift, caused by antsy knee movement
	- similar to golfer addressing ball, getting feet to feel just perfect


Colts-Packers Pre 3 2011
Snap time	Tweeks	Antsy	Run

First quarter
14:49:00	X	X	X
Originally:	Left elbow close to body indicates pass play.
Audible:	Addai makes smaller angle (( inside elbow (bicep to forearm)) with left arm
	This allow Addai to bring his upper body down and forward a small amount.
	Lowers center of gravity closer to run position without drawing attention to new body position.
14:30:00	X		X
	Left elbow flared out as well.
13:55:00	X		X
10:56:00	X		X

Second quarter
06:26:00	X		X
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Addai pre snap keys Pass Colts Packers Pre 3 2011

	Addai pre snap keys:
	Pass: - no tweeking after final setup
	- does have movement after final setup (disguise for run tweek movements)


Colts-Packers Pre 3 2011
Snap time	Non tweek movement	Pass

First quarter
14:55:00	X	X

Second quarter
06:54:00	X	X
10:31:00	X	X


	Another pre snap keys of Addai was side to side looks if blocking on pass plays.
	- shotgun or qb under center


	The most accurate pre snap keys for Addai was:
	- elbows flare creating small angle (bicep to forearm)
	- elbows in creating straight line (bicep to forearm)

	Addai did an excellent job of evolving his pre snap keys from:
	- easy to read (high, low upper body) Redskins-Colts October 19, 2010 to
	- mixing in tweeks and non tweek movement after setups

	Addai knew (high, low upper body) was a former pre snap key so:
	- at times he would show high upper body but move upper body forward without lowering
	- by moving forward, he would facilitate quicker forward movement needed for run play


	Addai was very readable but did a fantastic job of disguising intent.


	Even though the Jets had the above info, Addai was not affected. Averaged over 4 yards a carry.
	Playoff game Colts-Jets January 9, 2011

	Manning tipped off run verses pass in shotgun:
	- setup for pass plays (bends knees a little) well before the snap
	- setup for run plays (more upright). Bends a little just before snap.

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Addai pre snap keys Colts-Redskins October 19, 2010

	This is entered in Advance Scouting.
	Also entered in Running Back section.

	Addai figured out what he was showing, so he made some adjustments to disguise.
	- I'll point out some of his methods, which he did rather well.

	Besides the following pre snap keys, Addai did exhibit others which gave away intent.
	- a few of them are ubiquitous (used unknowingly by many backs)

Elbow pre snap keys that were evident in 2010 became the main pre snap keys in 2011
	Addai pre snap keys quarterback under center:
Front keys	Run:	Elbows flare or angle outwards
Elbows:	Pass:	Elbows are in straight line with biceps and hands
Film had limited access to Addai's front and back views (elbow positions) so used other pre snap keys

	The following pre snap keys go at least as far back as Pre # 3 Indy-Detroit 2009

Side keys:	Run:	Upper body lower and more forward
	Pass:	Upper body higher and more upright

Front keys	Run:	Height of chest jersey numbers will appear shorter
Jersey numbers:	Pass:	Height of chest jersey numbers will appear taller


Washington-Indianapolis October 19, 2010
	Addai's upper body	Addai's upper body
Time	Lower & more forward	Higher	Run	Pass	Play action
Second quarter (left elevation)
15:00:00		X		X	X
14:17:00		X		X
08:48:00		X		X
08:07:00		X		X	X
03:07:00		X	X
	Quick set up for getting 5 yard penalty.
13:24:00	X		X
04:49:00	X		X
03:24:00	X		X
	As soon as Manning sets up Addai gets a little lower.
	His lowest final position is what is important.
02:57:00	X		X
Third quarter (left elevation)
11:11:00	X		X
10:41:00	X			X
	Set up as run. Quick pass left. Did not see whole play for Manning signals to pass.
10:19:00	X		X
09:46:00	X		X
	Stayed a run play before and after Addai walkup.
00:21:00	X		X
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Fargas pre snap keys Run-prime

	Fargas pre snap keys:
	Run-prime: - intense setup
	- knee, foot adjustments

	Fargas and McFadden do a lot of different things to disguise what they are doing.
	They even incorporate (each others most used keys) to add to the confusion.

	How to easily distinguish run-prime from pass to other:
	Are they easily satisfied that their set up is good enough (pass to other)
	In other words, does the set up appear to be casual and relaxed.

	Do their set ups need a little or a lot of tweaking, usually with feet (run-prime)
	Does preciseness of set up seem important.

Raiders-Jets October 19, 2008
Snap time	Intense set up	Run-prime

First quarter
11:35:00	X	X

Second quarter
07:10:00	X	X

Third quarter
14:56:00	X	X
11:18:00	X	X


Raiders-Panthers November 9, 2008

First quarter
13:20:00	X	X
12:55:00	X	X
11:02:00	X	X
00:26:00	X	X

Second quarter
09:12:00	X	X
09:05:00	X	X
08:09:00	X	X
04:33:00	X	X
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Justin Fargas pre snap keys Pass

	Fargas pre snap keys:
	Pass: - relaxed
	- feet do not have to be in that perfect position


Raiders-Jets October 19, 2008
Snap time	Relaxed set up	Pass

First quarter
05:08:00	X	X
02:41:00
Initially:	Intense setup. Play was initially a run.
Initially:	Russell's first set up was for a run. Russell got up and reset.
Reset:	Russell now sets up for a pass.
	Russell's setups are distinctly different for run and pass.		Does a reset on some audibles.
	Will not discuss Russell's many pre snap keys.
02:28:00	X	X

Third quarter
10:39:00	X	X


Raiders-Panthers November 9, 2008

First quarter
12:32:00	X	X
	Casual set up (after left foot was in position, a small tweak of right foot finished up set up)
	Tweak gives knee forward movement, then back to relaxed position

Second quarter
08:22:00	X	X
	Most adjusting is done when standing up. No intense knee work.
	Once he is happy with set up location, Fargas bends over, satisfied with his position.
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Forte pre snap keys Run Setback qb under center

	Forte pre snap keys qb under center:
	Run: - 7 yards or more setback from line to Forte's feet


	Consistent with charting as far back as Bears-Skins August 18, 2012


Jets-Raiders September 17, 2017
Snap time	Down/Yards	= or > than 7 yards	Run

First quarter
04:00:00	Second 10	X	X

Second quarter
05:14:00	First 10	X	X
04:00:00	Second 3	X	X

Third quarter
11:02:00	Second 10	X	X
	This play only had a setback of 7 yards. Normally setback is 7 1/3 yards or more.


	Because of consistency with Bears-Skins August 18, 2012 and Jets-Raiders above:
	- only did Third and Fourth quarters of Jets-Bills November 2, 2017


Jets-Bills November 2, 2017

Third quarter
13:39:00	First 10	X	X
12:33:00	First 10	X	X
11:53:00	Second 9	X	X
	This play only had a setback of 7 1/3 yards.
04:16:00	First goal	X	X
	This play had a setback of 7 2/3 yards.
	All other Run setbacks in this game were 7 ½ yards
02:26:00	First 10	X	Planned run left (Run direction discussed later)
Audible:	10 swing pass
01:26:00	Second 4	X	X

Fourth quarter
11:21:00	First goal	X	X
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Matt Forte pre snap keys Pass Setback qb under center

	Forte pre snap keys qb under center:
	Pass: - setback under 7 yards from line to Forte's feet


	Consistent with charting as far back as Bears-Skins August 18, 2012


Jets-Raiders September 17, 2017
Snap time	Down/Yards	Setback < 7 yards	Setback => 7 yards	Pass	Play action

First quarter
04:46:00	First 10		X	X	X
	Forte looking side to side (pre snap pass key)
04:07:00	First 10	X		X

Second quarter
11:37:00	First 10	X		X
11:00:00	Second 6		X		X
	Forte was part of hi-lo prime and got pass.
	A lot of backs show identical pre snap keys for run-prime. Personal play involvement


	Consistent pre snap pass keys so will only do Jets-Bills November2, 2017
	Third and fourth quarter


Jets-Bills November 2, 2017

Third quarter
13:02:00	Second 11	X		X
	Fourth quarter had no plays re above keys.
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Matt Forte Run Direction qb under center

	Forte Run direction qb under center:
	Left: - pivot left and even with right foot, evolving into a power step left
	- pivot causes slight body rotation to the left

	Right: - pivot right and even with left foot, evolving into a power step right
	- pivot causes slight body rotation to the right

	Gut: - smaller pivot right or left, evolving to power step right or left
	- body stays totally forward

Power step defined: - first push off step to drive running back forward in direction he's going
	- similar to a sprinter's setup where one foot becomes trigger for forward movement

	Counter left: - pivot wide right and back of left foot, evolving into power step right
	- upper body twists toward right sidelines

	Counter right: - pivot wide left and back of right foot, evolving into power step left
	- upper body twists toward left sidelines

	Forte does not use deception to determine run direction.
	- many runners try to disguise direction intent
Therefore:	- in reality, Forte is even a more dynamic runner that his statistics show


Jets-Raiders September 17, 2017
Snap time	Down/Yards	Left pivot even	Right pivot even	Small pivot forward	Wide pivot rb	Wide pivot lb	Run direction

First quarter
04:00:00	Second 10				X		Counter Left

Second quarter
05:14:00	First 10			X			Gut
	Forte has small pivot right, evolving to power step right. Body remains forward.

Third quarter
11:02:00	Second 10	X					Left

	Found consistency in both games so only charted third and fourth quarter of Jets-Bills game.


Jets-Bills November 2, 2017

Third quarter
13:39:00	First 10	X					Left
12:33:00	First 10		X				Planned right
	Bill's 92 went to his left to plug hole Jets were planning on creating. (not a counter run)
11:53:00	Second 9	X					Left
04:16:00	First goal		X				Right
02:26:00	First 10	X	Offside				Planned left
Audible:	10 swing pass.
02:02:00	First 5					X	Counter right
01:26:00	Second 4	X					Left

Fourth quarter
11:21:00	First goal		X				Right
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Carlos Hyde pre snap keys 49ers Vikings August 27, 2017

	Hyde pre snap keys qb under center:
	Run: - left elbow tucked high or
	- left elbow flared out

	Play action is run off (run pre snap keys or pass pre snap keys)

49ers-Vikings August 27, 2017
Snap time	Down/Yards	L elbow tucked high	L elbow flared out	Run	Play action	Pass

Second quarter (left elevation)
11:26:00	First 10	X			X	X
11:21:00	Second 10	X		X
06:51:00	Second 10	X			X	X

	Hyde pre snap keys qb under center:
	Pass: - left arm straight causing upper body to be higher


49ers-Vikings August 27, 2017
Snap time	Down/Yards		L arm straight	Run	Play action	Pass

Second quarter (left elevation)
06:55:00	First 10		X			X


	These pre snap keys carry thru to 49ers-Rams September 21, 2017
	Second and Third quarter were charted and consistent. Will show a few plays from each quarter
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Hyde pre snap keys 49ers Rams September 21, 2017

	Hyde pre snap keys qb under center:
	Run: - left elbow tucked high or
	- left elbow flared out

	Play action is run off (run pre snap keys or pass pre snap keys)

	There is a side view that is visible from the right side of the defense:
	- hand on the knee, is vertically under middle of jersey number


49ers-Rams September 21, 2017
Snap time	Down/Yards	L elbow tucked high	L elbow flared out	Run	Play action	Pass

Second quarter (left elevation)
14:41:00	Second 10	X		X
13:07:00	First 10		X	X
11:35:00	First 10	X		Planned run	Procedure
11:35:00	First 15
Initially:		X
Reset	Hyde puts hands on front of knees. This allows elbow to bend without flaring out.
Side view:	Arm has more bend this way, than when elbows flare out. See 8:30 second quarter to compare.
	If Hyde would have placed hands on outside corners of knees elbow flare out would be required.
	It's a common way backs try to disguise elbow location.

08:30:00	First 10		X		X	X
08:16:00	First 10			X
	Exception # 1 Pitch so Hyde needed to be more upright to go to the side.
05:44:00	First 5	X		X
05:11:00	Second 3		X	X

Third quarter (left elevation)
09:17:00	First 10		X		X	X
09:11:00	First 10		X
08:46:00	Second 3		X	X
08:17:00	First 10		X	Planned run/pass option		X
08:14:00	Second 10		X
06:21:00	Third goal		X	X
05:44:00	Fourth goal		X	X
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	Hyde pre snap keys qb under center:
	Pass: - left arm straight causing upper body to be higher

	There is a side view that is visible from the right side of the defense:
	- hand on the knee, is vertically under forward (top) part of jersey number

49ers-Rams September 21, 2017
Snap time	L arm straight	Run	Play action	Pass
14:55:00	Down/Yards		X			X
12:28:00	First 10		X			X
07:14:00	Second 12		X			Sacked
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Mark Ingram pre snap keys Run-Prime Vikings September 11, 2017

	Ingram pre snap keys:
	Run-prime: - active setup
	- similar to golfer addressing ball or
	- hitter in batters box getting feet in perfect position


Saints-Vikings September 11, 2017
Snap time	Down/Yards	Active setup	Run prime	Pass	Play action

First quarter
09:18:00	Second 19	X	X

Second quarter
09:06:00	First 10	X	Hi-lo 22-82	X	X
06:37:00	Second goal	X	X
6:15s	Third goal	X	X
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Ingram pre snap keys Run-Prime Patriots September 17,2017

	Ingram pre snap keys:
	Run-prime: - active setup
	- similar to golfer addressing ball or
	- hitter in batters box getting feet in perfect position


Saints-Patriots September 17, 2017
Snap time	Down/Yards	Active setup	Run-prime	Pass	Play action

Second quarter
4:42s	First 10	X	Prime	X
	Because Ingram is on left side of Brees in shotgun:
	Left foot forward makes this prime. Ingram is going left. If Ingram was running right:
	- he would have feet even or right foot forward for handoff
	If Ingram was running a pitch left, his feet would have been even as opposed to:
	- left foot forward

Third quarter
07:34:00	First 10	X	X
Fourth quarter
8:01s	First 10	X	Prime
Initially:	Pass play with Ingram being one of the primes.				Patriots 23 sets up inside of D. End.
Audible:	Ingram resets. Now going left.			Patriots 23 sets up outside of D. End. Knows play direction.
	Left foot forward makes this prime. See 4:42s First quarter for explanation.
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Mark Ingram pre snap keys Pass Vikings September 11, 2017

	Ingram pre snap keys:
	Pass: - quiet setup
	- all foot movement is for getting into setup area as opposed to:
	- adjusting feet, when already in setup area (run-prime)


Saints-Vikings September 11, 2017
Snap time	Down/Yards	Quiet setup	Pass	Play action

First quarter
12:51:00	First 10	X	X	X
Second quarter
11:04s	Third 7	X	X
09:57:00	Second 3	X	X	X
	All foot movement for getting into setup area.
9:52s	Third 3	X	X	X
07:05:00	First goal	X
	End around. All other backs I've charted treat end around as a running play.
	They setup accordingly. Ingram appears to be an exception.
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Ingram pre snap keys Pass Patriots September 17, 2017


	Ingram pre snap keys:
	Pass: - quiet setup
	- all foot movement is for getting into setup area as opposed to:
	- adjusting feet, when already in setup area (run-prime)


Saints-Patriots September 17, 2017
Snap time	Down/Yards	Quiet setup	Pass	Play action

First quarter
05:15:00	First 20	X	X	X
4:46s	Third 22	X	X

Second quarter
9:47s	Third 8	X	X

Third quarter
13:16s	Third 7	X	X
06:28:00	First 10	X	X	X

Fourth quarter
6:46s	First 10	X	X
5:38s	Second 4	X	X
	This foot movement is all repositioning plus last left foot movement for comfort in setup.
05:09:00	First goal	X	X
01:04:00	First 10	X	X
0:46s	First 10	X	X
0:28s	Second 1	X	X
	Just shown to show consistency in pass play setups for Ingram.
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Shane Vareen pre snap key Verification

	Verifying Vareen's current pre snap keys with past games.

	Charted three games in 2014.

	Patriots-Dolphins September 7, 2014

	Patriots-Vikings September 14, 2014

	Patriots-Raiders September 21, 2014

	The above games show consistency with Vareen's current pre snap keys.


	Looked at, but did not chart, Cowboys-Giants September 10, 2017.

	First half was consistent with Vareen's current pre snap keys
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Shane Vareen pre snap keys Run-Prime

	Vareen pre snap keys:
	Run-prime: - when in final setup, aggressive right knee movement
	- movement does not cause large body side to side movement


Giants-Lions September 18, 2017
Snap time	Down/Yards	Right knee movement	Minimal upper body movement	Run-prime

First quarter
10:26s	Third 13	X	X	X

Second quarter
00:26:00	First 10	X	X	X

Third quarter
06:45:00	Second goal	X	X	X
Audible:	Side of run only, cause Lions defensive line was heavy to Giants' right.

Fourth quarter
07:48:00	First 10	Not seen		X
	Not an exception for the following reasons:
Antsy:	1	- turf kicking (toe tapping before foot placement) with both feet
Antsy:	2	- excessive upper body movement not triggered by knee movement
	- quite different from body movement triggered by knee movement (pass)
	Occasionally backs will try to draw attention to themselves on passing plays. Over acting.
	Going Hollywood, but turf kicking is part of antsy and antsy is part of run-prime.
7:03s	First 10	X	X	Prime
6:15s	First 10	X	X	X
5:26s	First 10	X	X	Prime
	Because of shift, the right knee response was there but lessened.
0:26s	First 10	X	X	X
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Vareen pre snap keys: Run-prime: - when in final setup, aggressive right knee movement - movement does not cause large body side to side movement Giants-Lions September 18, 2017 Snap time Down/Yards Right knee mov

	Vareen pre snap keys:
	Pass: - quiet setup
	- any side to side upper body movement triggered by knees


Giants-Lions September 18, 2017
Snap time	Down/Yards	Quiet setup	s/s triggered by knees	Pass	Play action

First quarter
0:07s	Third 6		X	X

Third quarter
6:06s	Third goal	X		X

Fourth quarter
13:54s	Third 8		X	X
7:26s	Second 5		X	X	X
	Did not see start of setup, but 28 seconds on play clock, soft side to side triggered by knees.
6:45s	Second 5	X		X
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Hunt pre snap keys Run-Prime

	Hunt pre snap keys:
	Run-prime: - focus

	Focus can include small peeks, but focus dominates
	Will discuss any peeks that could be wrongly considered side to side


Chiefs-Patriots September 7, 2017

Snap time	Down/Yards	Focus	Run-prime	Play action

First quarter
12:00s	First 10	X	X
	Couple peeks left and focus.
09:25:00	First 10	X	X
7:03s	Second 2	X	Prime
	Follows player shift, then takes peek to middle, then forward focus.
6:33p	First 10	X	X	Hunt shifts into backfield.
4:31s	First 10	X	Double prime
	Hunt follows player shift and takes a few peeks to centre.
03:48:00	Second goal	X	X

Second quarter
14:44p	Second 10	X	Hill x
7:22s	First 10	X	X
6:45s	Second 7	X	Option
2:47s	First 10	X	X
2:29s	First 14	X	X
2:00s	First 10	X		X
	Initial side to side. Then focus. Hunt focuses before play action.
0:17s	Second goal	X	Prime

Third quarter
15:00:00	First 10	X	X
	Watched early player shifts. Then focused.
14:22:00	First 10	X	X
13:58s	First 20	X	Shuttle pass 87
Audible:	Original play, pitch or option right. Hunt followed thru on original play.
13:21:00	Second 13	X	Prime
07:08:00	First 10	X	X
4:17s	Second 12	X	X
	Took peek to the right, then at player who will shift, then focus.
0:04p	First 15	X	X
	Lots of looks left. Once as Hunt is getting down in setup.
	Then looks forward, then left, then forward and peek right. Then left again.
	This is not a smooth (camera like scanning) side to side.

Fouth quarter
14:18s	First 10	X	X
12:16s	Second 10	X	Option, qb ran.
8:20p	Second 1	X	X
7:33s	First 10	X	X
5:19s	First goal	X	X


Chiefs-Seahawks August 25, 2017 (Pre 3)

First quarter
13:07s	Second 3	X	X
10:42:00	First 10	X	X
09:59:00	Second 6	X	X
07:52:00	Third 1	X	X
	Hunt peeks both ways but not in a scanning motion like side to side looks for pass plays
3:39s	First 10	X	X
02:16:00	First 10	X		X

Second quarter
13:37s	First 10	X	Double prime
12:31s	Second 5	X	Option, qb ran.
03:13:00	First 10	X	X
2:40s	Second 3	X
	Contrived side to side. Focused before contrived side to side and focused after.
2:00s	Third 1	X	X
1:35s	First 10	X	Double prime
1:11s	Second 1	X	Prime but did not get pass. Smith directed 87, larger potential gain.
1:08s	Third 1	X	X
0:52s	First 10	X	Prime but did not get pass. Intense pass rush.
0:41s	Third 10	X	Secondary receiver
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Kareem Hunt pre snap keys Pass

	Hunt pre snap keys:
	Pass: - looks side to side


Chiefs-Patriots September 7, 2017

Snap time	Down/Yards	Side to side	Pass	Play action

First quarter
08:04:00	First 10	X	X
07:38:00	First 10	X	X
3:55s	First goal	X	X

Second quarter
2:07s	Second 7	X	X

Third quarter
j9:28s	First 10	X	X
4:56p	First 10	X	X

Fourth quarter
15:00s	Second 3	X	X
12:21s	First 10	X	X
8:55s	First 10	X	X


Chiefs-Seahawks August 25, 2017 (Pre 3)

First quarter
2:56s	Second 4	X	X

Second quarter
13:12s	First 16		X
Exception # 1	Hunt was focused.
00:46:00	Second 10	X	Dump pass
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Ray Rice pre snap keys Run-Prime

	Rice pre snap keys quarterback under centre:
	Run-prime: - left leg rocking
	- continues to focus on qb when player shifts in backfield

	Leg rocking defined: - a jerky knee motion in both directions


Ravens-Steelers December 2, 2012
Snap time	Leg rocking	Run-prime

First quarter
06:32:00	X	X

Second quarter
15:00:00	X	X
12:03:00	X	X
05:16:00	X	X
	Rice focuses on qb when 81 shifts.
04:44:00		X
	Exception # 1

Third quarter
10:59:00	X	X
09:46:00	X	X
09:07:00	X	X
	Harrison 92 caused Rice to peek. Still totally focused on qb.
	As soon as handoff was not an option, you knew Rice was Prime.


Ravens-Texans January 15, 2012

First quarter
11:12:00	X	X

Third quarter
14:25:00	X	X
11:45:00	X	X
04:01:00	X	X
02:45:00	X	X
01:59:00	X	X

Fourth quarter
15:00:00	X	Prime
04:30:00	X	X
03:09:00	X	X
03:01:00	X	X
	Blitz coming. Hot read to 81
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Rice pre snap keys Pass


	Rice pre snap keys: - no knee rocking, may have a single forward movement
	- follows player shift (helmet rotation) or eyes only
	- may look side to side re blocking


Ravens-Texans January 15, 2012
Snap time	Quiet knees	Helmet rotation player shift	Side to side	Pass

First quarter
08:13:00				X
	Did not see complete setup. That knee movement is not knee rocking.
	Knee rocking is more pronounced and happens at start of setup when hands touch knees
02:33:00			X	X
01:13:00	X			X

Third quarter
06:45:00			X	X


Ravens-Patriots January 22, 2012

First quarter
00:36:00	X	X		44 dump
	Knee just goes forward. No rocking. Looks at player prior to shift.
	If it's backfielder prime, Rice would have knee rocking and no look at player shift.

Second quarter
03:00:00	X	X	X	27 dump
02:25:00			X	X

Third quarter
09:00:00	X			X
7:00s			X	X
6:56s			X	X
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ray Rice pre snap keys Run Direction Right

	Rice pre snap keys Run direction:
	Starts right: - left foot back when in final setup

	Normally Rice would continue in same run dirction as his first step.
	- counters were the exception

	However, Rice normally followed his fullback's blocking:
	- fullback pre snap keys showed blocking direction
	- fullback pre snap keys also showed run verses pass

	Therefore if Rice was showing run and starting out going right and
	Fullback was showing run and and going right
	- play was a run right


Ravens-Texans January 15, 2012
Snap time	Left foot back	Starts out right	Run-prime right	Play action right

First quarter
11:12:00	X	X	X
08:49:00	X	X	X
08:13:00	X	X		X
07:39:00	X	X	X
06:56:00	X	X		X
01:47:00	X	X	X
01:13:00	X	X		X

Second quarter
02:53:00	X	X	X

Third quarter
15:00:00	X	X	X
14:25:00	X	X	X
00:25:00	X	X	X

Fourth quarter
15:00:00	X	X	X
04:30:00	X	X	X

The above was consistent with:
Ravens-Patriots January 22, 2012
Ravens-Steelers December 2, 2012
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Rice pre snap keys Run direction Left

	Rice pre snap keys Run direction:
	Starts left: - feet even when in final setup


Ravens-Texans January 15, 2012
Snap time	Feet even	Starts out left	Run-prime left	Play action left

First quarter
09:56:00	X	X		X

Third quarter
11:45:00	X	X	X
04:01:00	X	X	X
03:27:00	X
	Exception: - quiet knees (should have been a pass) – was a run
	- feet even (should have been a run left) – was a run right
	If I could have seen complete Rice and Flacco movements pre snap, would have known what happened
02:45:00	X
Audible:	Flacco audibled for direction change.
01:59:00	X	X	X

Fourth quarter
07:21:00	X	X	X


Ravens-Patriots January 22, 2012

Third quarter
03:26:00	X	X	X
02:11:00	X	X
	Counter right. Play busted up by 50 Nikinovich.
07:07:00	X	X
	Counter right.
06:29:00	X	X	X

	If Rice runs counters, he throws off run direction keys.


Ravens-Steelers December 2, 2012

First quarter
07:06:00	X	X	X

Second quarter
12:03:00	X	X	X
05:16:00	X	X	X
04:44:00	X
	Exception on two fronts.
	- no knee rocking
	- run right

	Accuracy pre snap keys: Knee rocking to predict runs 12/14 = 86%
	Accuracy pre snap keys: Initial direction 13/15 = 87%
	Accuracy pre snap keys: Run direction 10/14 = 71%
	- two counter and two wrong directions

	If all of Rice and Flacco signals would have benn possible to see, only counters would not be accurate.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DeMarco Murray pre snap keys Setback for Run-Prime

	Murray pre snap keys:
	Run-prime: setback over 6 ½ yards

	Setback defined: - distance of Murray's toes to line of scrimmage

	Run-prime: runs by any back (includes end aroun)


	RUN-PRIME
Patriots-Cowboys October 16, 2011
Snap time	Setback > 6 ½ yds	Run-prime	Setback 6 ½ yds or <	Pass

First quarter
06:56:00	X	X
06:15:00	X	X

Second quarter
06:48:00	X	X
06:11:00	X			X
	Audible. Bryant adjusts glove. Prime key.
05:28:00	X	X
04:51:00	X	X
Red zone:

02:33:00	X	X
02:00:00	X	Prime
	As soon as play action happens, you know back or fullback are prime.
01:17:00	X	X

Third quarter
09:47:00	X	X
09:32:00	X	X
08:08:00	X	X
Red zone:
00:30:00	X	X

Fourth quarter
14:24:00	X	X
13:14:00	X	X
08:34:00	X	X
03:36:00	X	X
02:52:00	X	X

The above keys continue in Rams game October 23, 2011
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DeMarco Murray pre snap keys Setback for Pass


	Murray pre snap keys:
	Pass: - setback 6 ½ yards or less
	- side to side looks (discussed later)


	PASS:
Pats-Cowboys Oct. 16, 2011
Snap time	Setback > 6 ½ yds	Run-prime	Setback 6 ½ yds or <	Pass

Third quarter
07:12:00			X	Dump off to Murray.
	Audible. Whitten is shown where pass will go. Whitten answered audible.

Fourth quarter
13:53:00			X	X


Rams-Cowboys Oct. 23, 2011

First quarter
00:39:00			X	X

Second quarter
14:23:00			X	X
	Bryant is prime. Glove adjustment. Romo asks Murray to move back.
	Moves back to 6 ½ yards, then moves even farther. Play still same.
	Romo just using deception to have defense focus on Murray.
12:30:00			X	X
	Normally on play action Murray would have setback over 6 ½ yds.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Murray pre snap keys Looks to Predict Plays


	Murray pre snap keys:
	Pass: - looks side to side


Patriots-Cowboys October 16, 2011
Snap time	Side to side	Pass

Second quarter (right elevation)
06:11:00	X	X

Third quarter (right elevation)
09:32:00	X	X
8:48s	X	X

Fourth quarter (left elevation)
15:00s	X	X
13:53:00	X	X
9:09s	X	X


Steelers-Cowboys December 16, 2012

2<font>^nd</font><font> quarter (right elevation)</font>
11:54s	X	X
11:07:00	X	X
6:03s	X	X
4:01s	X	X
3:19s	X	X


	Murray pre snap keys:
	Run-prime: - focused
	- occasionally may take a peek in either direction

	Includes any backfielder Run-Prime and End Around
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Murray pre snap keys Run Inside Tackles


	Murray pre snap keys:
	Runs between tackles:
	- arms bent at elbows, flare out from body a little
	- linebackers will see shorter front jersey numbers
	- lower upper body


Rams-Cowboys October 23, 2011
Snap time	Arms bent	Run between tackles

First quarter
09:47:00	X	X
03:39:00	X	X
	Murray's large side pivot gives away counter run

Second quarter
12:59:00	X	X
06:44:00	X	X
02:00:00	X	X

Third quarter
12:22:00	X
Audible:	Bryant adjusts glove. Murray gets a dump pass.


Steelers-Cowboys December 16, 2012

First quarter
12:40:00	X	X
04:47:00	X	X
00:55:00	X	Play action inside tackles
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DeMarco Murray pre snap keys Run Outside Tackles


	Runs outside tackles:
	- arms straight
	- linebackers will see taller front jersey numbers
	- higher upper body


Rams-Cowboys October 23, 2011
Snap time	Arms straight	Run outside tackles

Second quarter
07:20:00	X	X
03:34:00	X	X
01:18:00	X	X

Third quarter
15:00:00	X	X
14:18:00	X	X


Steelers-Cowboys December 16, 2012

First quarter
11:34:00	X	X
03:26:00	X
	Play action going outside tackles.
01:52:00	X	X

Second quarter
05:21:00	X	X
04:43:00	X	Play was 3^rd and 1
	Murray ran inside tackles, which is normal on 3^rd and 1
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DeMarco Murray pre snap keys Run Up Gut

	Delays up gut:
	- arms straight


Rams-Cowboys October 23, 2011
Snap time	Arms straight	Delay up gut

Second quarter
07:51:00	X	X
02:59:00	X	X


Steelers-Cowboys December 16, 2012

First quarter
00:51:00	X	X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

DeMarco Murray pre snap keys Setbacks Pre 3 August 27, 2017


	Murray pre snap keys:
	Run-prime: setback over 6 ½ yards

	Run-prime: runs by any back (includes end around)


Titans-Bears August 27, 2017 Pre 3
Snap time	Setback > 6 ½ yards	Run-prime

First quarter
14:24:00	X	X
	Taylor end around
13:19:00	X	X
12:38:00	X	X

Second quarter
12:11:00	X	X
11:25:00	X		Play action pass
08:42:00	X		Play action pass


	Murray pre snap keys:
	Pass: setback 6 ½ yards or less


Snap time	Setback 6 ½ yards or less		Pass

First quarter
03:16:00	X		X

Second quarter
12:47:00	?		X
	Murray in end zone. Could not tell exact setback.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DeMarco Murray pre snap keys Looks August 27, 2017


	Murray pre snap keys:
	Pass: - looks side to side


Bears-Titans August 27, 2017
Snap time	Side to side	Psss

First quarter
11:18s	X	X
03:16:00	X	X
2:41s	X	X
1:58s	X	X

Second quarter
12:47:00	X	X
11:25:00	X	X
10:38s	X	X
08:42:00	?	X
	Appeared to start side to side, then camera pulled away.


	Murray pre snap keys:
	Run-prime: - focused
	- occasionally may peek in either direction, then focuses
	- may also follow shifting player in early part of final setup
------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------

DeMarco Murray pre snap keys Run Inside, Outside Tackles August 27, 2017


	Murray pre snap keys:
	Run inside tackles:
	- arms bent at elbows, flare out from body a little
	- linebackers will see shorter front jersey numbers
	- corners will see a lower upper body


Titans-Bears August 27, 2017
Snap time	Arms bent	Run between tackles

First quarter
13:19:00	X	X
12:38:00	X	X

2<font>^nd</font><font> quarter</font>
12:11:00	X	X
10:51s	?	X
	Couldn't see arms properly.


	Murray pre snap keys:
	Run outside tackles:
	- arms straight
	- linebackers will see taller front jersey numbers
	- corners will see a higher upper body


Snap time	Arms straight	Run outiside tackles

First quarter
15l:00s	X	X
	Murray takes peeks in both directions. This is not a side to side big helmet rotation.
14:24:00	X	Fake pitch, wide right. Taylor runs end around.
12:03s	X	X
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Willis McGahee pre snap keys Evolving for Run December 4, 2005

	McGahee pre snap keys:
	Run: - rocking motion
	- forward motion

	Rocking motion: - rock whole body forwards and backwards
	- motion created by rocking knees
	- antsy, anxious to get going

	Forward motion: - can be head going forward, pre snap
	- can be whole body leaning forward in slight motion, pre snap
	- antsy

	Whole process of McGahee setting up, required for proper analysis.
	Once hands on thighs, need minimum 4 seconds pre snap to determine if any motion.

	EVOLVING of McGAHEE PRE SNAP KEYS (RUN)
	- forward motion to rocking motion
	This rocking motion carried into early part of 2007 season
	McGahee's evolving pre snap keys only involved running plays


Buffalo-Miami December 4, 2005
Time	Rocking motion	No rocking motion	Run	Pass	Forward motion

First quarter
07:34:00			X		X
07:22:00			X		X
04:07:00		X	X
Not an exception:
	Immediately lowered head as he does for run position.
	Therefore McGahee did not have to lower body for run position
03:20:00			X		X
	McGahee also lowers head

Second quarter
11:35:00			X		X
	McGahee leans forward pre snap
03:56:00			X		X
	McGahee leans forward pre snap

Third quarter
12:55:00		X	X	Exception to tendencies
12:05:00	X		X
05:35:00	X		X
03:29:00	X		X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

McGahee pre snap keys Run December 17, 2005

	McGahee pre snap keys:
	Run:- rocking motion

	Rocking motion: - rock whole body forwards and backwards
	- motion created by rocking knees
	- antsy, anxious to get going


Denver-Buffalo December 17, 2005
Time	Rocking motion	Run	Pass

First quarter
14:54:00	X	X
14:04:00	X	X
13:18:00	X		X
	Exception # 1
12:13:00	X	X
10:25:00		X
	Play happened tot fast for McGahee to get antsy. He was quiet for this run.
	Four seconds + is the threshhold where he feels he has to move (antsy) in set postion.
08:46:00	X	X
02:36:00	X		X
	Exception # 2
:07	X	X

Second quarter
10:57:00	X	X
(play stopped)
07:30:00	X	X

Third quarter
07:27:00	X	X

	Pre snap key changes happen once in a while. My flow charts are good predictors.
	Once I have my base reads of pre snap keys on a player, changes found in minutes.
	Misleading keys are easy to filter out.

	Above only 80% accurate but have lots of material reaching 85% + threshold I require.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Willis McGahee pre snap keys Pass December 17, 2005

	McGahee pre snap keys:
	Pass: - upper body normally a little higher
	- quiet (no rocking, no forward motion, no antsy)

	McGahee never looks side to side on run plays. Occasionally s/s on pass plays.

Denver-Buffalo December 17, 2005
Time	No rocking motion	Pass

First quarter

14:27:00	X	X
12:33:00	X	X
10:44:00	X	X
03:12:00	X	X
03:05:00	X	X

Second quarter

15:00:00	X	X
11:39:00	X	X
10:46:00	X	X
10:19:00	X	X

Third quarter

10:46:00	X	X
09:42:00	X	X
08:10:00	X	X
	Exception # 1	McGahee ends up with a forward lean. Not a normal pass setup.
:12	X	X
:05	X	X

	Run/pass pre snap keys 21/24
	Accuracy: 88%
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Willis McGahee pre snap keys Run 2007

	McGahee pre snap keys:
	Run: - rocking knees

Basically the same since 2005

Rocking knees defined: - moving knees back and forth, causing upper body to also move


Ravens-Jets September 16, 2007
Time	Down/yard	Knees rocking	Run

First quarter
10:26:00	First/10	X	X	Fumble, show run
03:58:00	First/10	X	X
01:30:00	First/10	X	X
:39	First/10	X	X

Second quarter
14:50:00	First/10	X	X

Third quarter
08:40:00	First/10	X	Flag, but run blocking
08:16:00	First/10	X	X

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

	McGahee pre snap keys:
	Run: - rocking knees

Basically the same since 2005

Rocking knees defined: - moving knees back and forth, causing upper body to also move


Ravens-Jets September 16, 2007
Time	Down/yard	Knees rocking	Run

Second quarter
13:25:00	First/10	X	X
01:02:00	First/10	X	X
:19	Sec/goal	X	X

Third quarter
12:31:00	Sec/10	X	X
01:13:00	First/10	X	X

Fourth quarter
09:45:00	Sec/4	X	X
07:57:00	Sec/6	X	X
03:03:00	Sec/10	X	X
01:04:00	First/10	X	X
:57	Sec/ 9	X	X

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Willis McGahee pre snap keys Pass to other than Backfielder

	McGahee pre snap keys:
	Pass to other than backfielders:
	- quick, quiet setup
	- left shin is upright, vertical (backfielder prime left shin not upright)
	- back is straight (as opposed to arched)

Left elevation will be used to demonstrate eg. Looking at at left side of McGahee re shin


Ravens-Bengals September 10, 2007

Time	Down/yards	Left shin upright	Back straight	Pass

Second quarter (left elevation)
15:00:00	First/10	X	X	X
13:18:00	First/10	X	X	X
07:21:00	First/10	X	X	X

Third quarter (left elevation)
09:40:00	First/10	X	X	X
08:40:00	First/15	X	X	X
07:26:00	Sec/7	X	X	X
Pass play intended
04:05:00	Sec/1	X	X	X
03:46:00	First/10	X	X	X
01:17:00	First/10	X	X	X
Pass is dump off to McGahee


Ravens-Cardinals September 23, 2007

Second quarter (left elevation)
14:50:00	First/10	X	X	X
09:07:00	First/10	X	X	X

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Willis McGahee pre snap keys Prime

Once McGahee has shown (PASS)
	QUICK, QUIET SET-UP (NO KNEE ROCKING)

McGahee's Pre-Snap Keys when he is PRIME RECEIVER
	1. Forward lean with left shin
	2. Forward lean with body
	3. Arched back
	4. Knee movement:
	a. forward to position body in a more ready for action position
	b. antsy (may or may not be present)

Note: McGahee's arched back signifies the following:
	McGahee is involved directly in play (running or prime receiver).

	Arched back (shows up outline of hip from side)
	On regular pass plays, hip is straighter with line of back from side view

	Comparison (arched vs. straight)
	Ravens-Jets September 16, 2007 Third quarter 12:37 (back straight)
	Ravens-Jets September 16, 2007 Third quarter 12:31 (back arched)

VIEW FROM FIELD FOR LINEBACKERS AND STANDING RUSH ENDS
	Arched back makes front jersey numbers appear taller.
	A more vertical profile of the numbers is shown.
	McGahee's hip outline when back arched.

VIEW FROM FIELD FOR BACKFIELDERS
	McGahee's hip outline when back arched.

Note: McGahee's knee movement is of two varieties.
	1. knee rocking key for running plays

	Definition: Aggressive back and forth motion (ends in forward position)

	2. knee motion for passing plays (McGahee prime receiver)
	a. forward motion to position body in a more ready for action position.
	Or
	b. slight knee movement ending in forward position.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

McGahee pre snap keys Prime

	Ravens-Bengals September 10, 2007

	Time	Down/yards	Shin forward lean	Body forward lean	Arched back	Prime

	Third quarter (left elevation)
	07:19:00	Sec/12	X	X	X	X

	Ravens-Jets September 16, 2007

	Second quarter (left elevation)
	12:32:00	First/10	X	X	X	X
	Receiving area is cleared for McGahee but he gets held up at the line.
	Pass becomes a (dump off) pass.

	Fourth quarter (left elevation)
	08:38:00	First/10	X	X	X	X
	Lower stance, forward lean, small knee movement, back is arched, shows hip outline.
	It is not like run play knee rocking.

	Ravens-Cardinals September 23, 2007

	Second quarter (left elevation)
	04:16:00	Sec/17	X	X	X	X
	Normally using only 4 examples aren't anywhere near population required to be valid.

However, in early 2006, when I did work for the Buffalo Bills through Marv Levy:

	Worked on helping both McGahee and Losman to disguise Pre-snap keys.
	There are three ways to disguise Pre-snap keys:
	1. blending run and pass keys which McGahee attempted to do.
	2. make run and pass keys the look same which Losman successfully did.
	3 give lots of keys, with some live, some not, like Brady and Peyton Manning
	Brady also is a master of illusion. Gets your attention to look one way with movements:
	- at the same time, getting signals to player who is prime or whatever

McGahee worked on trying to blend the knee work. That's why I can see difference easily.

Note: When players try to make pre snap keys the same for run and pass, eg mentioned Losman above:
	- if one set of pre snaps (run or pass) is automatic, contrived pre snap keys added for blending purposes

	THE CONTRIVED PRE SNAP KEYS FOR RUN ( are simply the automatic pre snap keys for pass)

I have a very good example of this and I'll see if I can find it in my archives.
	The Oakland Raiders had three excellent running backs that they rotated in the game.

	Each running back had specific automatic pre snap keys.
	Each of the three backs added contrived pre snap keys of the other two.
	That way it seemed like all three backs had the same pre snap keys.

	They did a mixing of signals:
	- running back A had certain automatic pre snap keys for his run plays
	- running backs B and C would add these keys in a contrived fashion for their pass plays
	- B and C would still have their individual automatic pre snap keys for pass plays
	They scrambled everything up and did a really good job of it.

	Took a while to definitively separate them and I'd like to show it to you as an aid:
	TO SEPARATE AUTOMATIC AND CONTRIVED PRE SNAP KEYS.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

McGahee Run Direction Keys

	McGahee tips off run direction with early moves, starting from set postion.

	PIVOTS:

	1. Small pivot left and go hard.......................run left

	Small pivot right and go hard.....................run right

	2. Large, wide pivot left.................................counter-right

	Small power step left (a few inches back)
	Then a small pivot right.............................counter-left


	3. Pivot left with trunk rotation
	Before hand-off................................up the gut

	POWER-STEPS:

	1. Power step left, run right

	2. Power step right, run left

	DEFINITIONS:

	1. Trunk rotation defined with timed examples in games
	Simply a twisting of the upper body to sell that you are going in that direction.


	2. Power step is the leg that moves back to give the running back a sprinter's stance.
	Common way of powering out of backfield
	-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Willis McGahee Run Direction power step Left

	McGahee tips off run direction with first move from set position.

	McGahee's run direction is opposite of his power step.

	Definition: - power step side is the leg that moves back, to give the back a sprinter's stance.
	- common way of powering out of backfield

	Ravens-Bengals September 10, 2007
	Time	Down/yards	Power step left	Run right

	First quarter (right elevation)
	13:32:00	Sec/ 5	X	X
	03:58:00	First/10	X	X

	Second quarter (left elevation)
	06:48:00	Sec/ 6	X	X


	Ravens-Jets September 16, 2007

	First quarter (right elevation)
	14:30:00	Sec/ 7	X	X

	Second quarter (left elevation)
	01:02:00	First/10	X	X

	Fourth quarter (right elevation)
	07:57:00	Sec/ 6	X	X


	Ravens-Cardinals September 23, 2007

	Second quarter (left elevation)
	13:41:00	Sec/ 2	X	X
	Designed to go right

	Third quarter (right elevation)
	05:01:00	First/10	X	X
	02:53:00	First/10	X	X

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

McGahee Run Direction Power Step Right

	McGahee tips off run direction with first move from set postion

	To continue with previous page, this one shows Power Step Right


	Ravens-Jets September 16, 2007
	Time	Down/yards	Power step right	Run left

	Second quarter (left elevation)
	:34	Third/ 1	X	X

	Third quarter (left elevation)
	12:31:00	Sec/10	X	X
	01:13:00	First/10	X	X

	Fourth quarter (right elevation)
	03:03:00	Sec/10	X	X
	:57	Sec/ 9	X	X


	Ravens-Cardinals September 23, 2007

	First quarter (right elevation)
	15:00:00	First/10	X	X

	Fourth quarter (left elevation)
	08:11:00	First/10	X	X

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Willis McGahee Run directions Pivot Right Pivot Left

	McGahee tips off run direction with first move from set position

	Run direction is to the same side as his pivot

	Pivot right: - run right

	Ravens-Bengals September 10, 2007
	Time	Down/yards	Pivot right	Run right

	First quarter (right elevation)
	08:21:00	First/10	X	X
	07:53:00	Sec/5	X	X

	Second quarter (left elevation)
	14:50:00	First/10	X	X


	Ravens-Jets September 16, 2007

	First quarter (right elevation)
	15:00:00	First/10	X	Up gut
	Play got blown up by 63 Robertson.
	12:45:00	First/10	X	X


	Ravens-Cardinals September 23, 2007

	First quarter (right elevation)
	04:25:00	Sec/3	X	X


	Pivot left: - run left

	Ravens-Bengals September 10, 2007
	Time	Down/yards	Pivot left	Run left

	Fourth quarter (right elevation)
	10:43:00	Sec/6	X	X


	Ravens-Cardinals September 23, 2007

	First quarter (right elevation)
	13:58:00	First/10	X	X

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Willis McGahee run direction keys Up the Gut

	McGahee runs up the gut:
	- use of a power step or
	- use of a pivot

	Both methods involve trunk rotation (defined earlier)

	Up the gut (POWER STEP)


	Ravens-Bengals September 10, 2007
	Time	Down/yards	Power step left	Power step right	Up the gut

	First quarter (right elevation)
	01:30:00	First/10	X		X
	McGahee turns trunk of body to the left. Actually turns a little prior to snap.
	The power step left without trunk turning indicates a run to the right.

	Third quarter (left elevation)
	04:24:00	First/10		X	X
	McGahee rotates trunk to the right.
	Defensive right end shifted and prevented the run (up the gut)
	02:36:00	Sec/5	X		X
	McGahee rotates trunk to the left.


	Up the gut (PIVOT)


	Ravens-Jets September 16, 2007
	Time	Down/yards	Pivot left	Pivot right	Up the gut

	Second quarter (left elevation)
	:19	Sec/goal	X		X
	McGahee rotates trunk in conjunction with left pivot.

	Third quarter (left elevation)
	05:33:00	Sec/ 3	X		X
	McGahee rotates with pivot. Blocking set up for up the gut run

	Fourth quarter (right elevation)
	09:45:00	Sec/ 4	X		X
	01:04:00	First/10	X		X
	:50	Third/ 3	X		X
	Blocking set up for up the gut run, but collapsed.

	Ravens-Cardinals September 23, 2007

	Second quarter (left elevation)
	13:04:00	First/10	X		X

	Third quarter (right elevation)
	10:13:00	First/10	X		X

	Fourth quarter (left elevation)
43	10:12:00	First/10	X		X

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Tomlinson: Introduction to the Hall of Famer

	Tomlinson, Hall of Fame running back, and one of NFL's all time greats:
	- check out his plethora of NFL records,
	- check out his production consistency
	- a very, very special player


	Like I mentioned elsewhere, when things are done perfectly in any physical action:
	- the brain commits all phases of action to muscle memory
	- automatic if you will


	The precision of every football play, with all it's moving parts has 100's of possible pre snap keys.
	- coaches and players catch most of them but some slip by undetected
	- you can't specialize in everything


	In addition, when pre snap keys are noticed, changes are made to eliminate or minimize effect

	---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

	Tomlinson Pre Snap Keys Run-Prime Tomlinson pre snap keys quarterback under center:
	Run-prime: head up
	Easy reference point- (helmet logo in relation to back of jersey (side view)

Jets-Steelers Jan. 23, 2011
Time	Down/Yards	Head up	Head Lower	Run-prime	Pass
1^st quarter
05:44:00	2^nd 10	X		X
04:56:00	3^rd 10	X			X
	Audibled from a run play.

2^nd quarter

3^rd quarter
14:46:00	1^st 10	X		X
13:54:00	2^nd 2	X		X
00:33:00	1^st 10	X		X

4^th quarter
09:09:00	3^rd 2	X
	Shifts out of backfield
07:53:00	3^rd goal	X			X
	Exception # 1
07:50:00	4^th goal		X	X
	Tomlinson is way forward and much lower than normal. Has a low, low battering ram setup.
	Exception # 2. Just psyching himself up for an important run.
06:16:00	3^rd 1	X		X

	Tomlinson does not seem to tip off run in shotgun.

LaDainian Tomlinson Pre Snap Keys Pass

Tomlinson pre snap keys quarterback under center
Pass: head lower
Easy reference point (helmet logo in relation to back of jersey (side view)

Sometimes on pass plays you will see Tomlinson's helmet going side to side (for pass blocking).
Tomlinson used to do side to side on all pass plays. Then he started using visor.

Now Tomlinson looks side to side with eye flashes (can see whites of eyes thru visor)

Needed to find a pre snap keys replacement. Found (head up- head lower) to separate run-prime with pass.
Jets-Steelers Jan. 23, 2011
Time	Down/Yards	Head up	Head lower	Run-prime	Pass
1^st quarter
05:46:00	1^st 10		X		X

2^nd quarter
01:53:00	1^st 10		X		X

3^rd quarter
00:50:00	1^st 10		X		X

4^th quarter
15:00:00	2^nd 5		X		X
14:54:00	1^st 10		X		X
14:26:00	2^nd 10		X		X
08:31:00	2^nd goal		X		X
06:44:00	2^nd10		X		X

Tomlinson does not seem to tip off run in shotgun

Coleman Pre Snap Keys Run Direction Broncos and Saints

	Coleman pre snap keys:
	Run-prime: - after setup, focus				]
					]	-same as Freeman
	Pass: - after setup, side to side looks				}

	Run direction: - look or peek in direction of run
		1	- takes a look or peek in direction of run
		2	- follows movement of shifting player to side of run

	Consistent at least as far back as:
	Falcons-Broncos Oct. 9, 2016 to Falcons-Patriots Feb. 5, 2017

	Coleman's complete setup, right up to snap, must be seen, to chart.

Falcons-Broncos Oct. 9, 2016

Snap time	Down/Yards	Focus	Look left	Look right	Run-prime left	Run-prime right
1^st quarter
08:12:00	2^nd 7	X		X		X
	Coleman looks right, at player who will be shifting, and follows shift to centre.
	Coleman stops following and focuses cause run is to the right.
02:04:00	1^st 10	X		X		X
	Coleman's upper body turns to the right, so he gets his right side look.
	At no time does the helmet rotate to the left.

2^nd quarter
08:48:00	1^st 10	X	X		X
	Did not see from setup to snap, however did see a small left helmet rotation.
	Rotation also included an eye flash left, for a better, longer left look.
Eye-flash defined: - moving eyes before helmet rotation to get longer look

Falson-Saints Jan. 1, 2016
2^nd quarter
07:57:00	1^st goal	X	X	X	Planned counter right
	Peeks left and looks right. Focus with looks both ways indicate counter.

3^rd quarter
08:55:00	1^st 10	X		2x		X
	Two peeks right (play clock 0.12 and 0.10)
04:25:00	1^st 10	X	2x		X
02:23:00	1^st 10	X	X		X
	Focus with peek left. On reset, just focus.

4^th quarter
11:46:00	2^nd 7	X		2x		X
11:08:00	1st 10	X		2x		X
10:26:00	2^nd 6	X		2x		X
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

	Tevin Coleman pre snap keys Run Direction Super Bowl:
	Run direction: - look or peek in direction of run
		1	- takes a look or peek in direction of run
		2	- follows movement of shifting player to side of run

Falcons-Patriots Feb. 5, 2017

Snap time	Down/Yards	Focus	Look left	Look right	Run-prime left	Run-prime right
1^st quarter
05:08:00	1^st 10	X		3x		X
	Freeman focused, so run-prime. Coleman focused except for many peeks right.
	Coleman is not looking side to side (pass key) just to the right (side of run)
	Ryan brings feet closer together, so not passing.
03:04:00	2^nd 8	X	X		X
	Initially, Coleman takes two peeks at player who will be shifting.
	Coleman follows player shift and focuses.
	By following player shift, Coleman can get his peek in direction of run.
	Coleman's feet even across toes, so if a run, will swing away left.
	Ryan brings left foot back to facilitate pitch left.
	Patriots 53, Van Roy immediately picked up on Ryan's left foot shift, and sets up for run.

2^nd quarter
09:45:00	1st 10	X		X		X

3^rd quarter
12:07:00	1st 10	X		X		X
	Coleman looks right, then looks at fullback.
	As soon as fullback starts shifting, you know it's a run right.
	Coleman likes to look at player shifting, even before shift.
08:36:00	1^st goal	X		2x		Prime
	Line is showing pass blocking, but they do that on run plays as well.
	As soon as play action happens, you know it's Coleman prime.
01:30:00	2^nd 1	X	2x		X
	Coleman looks right, at player who will be shifting, and rotates to take a peek left.
	Coleman then follows shifting player to the left to get his second peek left.
	This is why it is important:
	- Coleman likes to look at shifting player, prior to shift
	- if Coleman follows shifing player to other side, confirms side of run

4^th quarter
09:40:00	1^st 10	X		X		X
	Coleman takes noticeable peek right.
	Coleman takes a very small peek left which is an exception.
	Once 16 shifts, it confirms run is to right side. Run play never in doubt. Focus.
09:00:00	2^nd 2	X	2x	X	Counter left


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Larry Johnson Introduction to Pre Snap Keys for Colts Super Bowl Win 2006

Johnson was the top NFL running back in 2006.
He was spectacular and a pleasure to watch.


In week 17 Johnson ran for 138 yards on 33 carries against Jacksonville.
- 9^th ranked run defense allowing just 104.2 yards per game

Indianapolis Colts defense was last against the run in 2006:
- 32^nd ranked run defense allowing 173 yards per game
- Dec. 10, allowed 375 yards rushing vs. Jacksonville on 42 carries
- just under 9 yard average per carry.

Indy had a light team that was talented and extremely fast, however:
- teams would just road grader the defensive line and easily get into the secondary


In the first playoff game of Colts Super Bowl run in the 2006 season:
Johnson's first running play, 5 Colts not only attacked the play as a run:
- they immediately went in the right direction to stop the run

Johnson also gave up run direction with first step taken:
- foot used (left or right) and type of step taken

1	- power step (bringing either foot back to get into a sprinter setup)
	- very aggressive action
2	- pivot (small side step with either foot)
3	- goes softly forward so he can change directions in backfield
	- used on counters

Johnson Pre Snap Keys Run Prime

	Marquee player in 2006. Pundits expected 200 yards (run and prime) vs 32^nd ranked run defense.
	- gained 8 yards in first 5 carries
	- gained 32 yards for whole game


	Johnson pre snap keys:
	Run-prime: - setback 4 2/3 yards or more

	Setback defined: -distance from Johnson's helmet to back part of quarterback

	Play action: - setback 5yard range, Johnson always PRIME.


Chiefs-Jaguars Dec. 31, 2006

Snap time	Down/Yards	Setback	Pass	Prime	Run	Play action
!st quarter
12:53:00	1^st 10	5 yards			X
12:01:00	2^nd 2	5 yards		Screen left		X
Note:	If there was a play action with a 5 yard setback, Johnson was prime.
11:30:00	1^st 10	5 yards			X
08:42:00	1^st 10	5 yards			X
08:28:00	2^nd 10	5 yards			X draw
07:26:00	1^st 10	5 yards			X

2^nd quarter
14:06:00	1st 10	5 yards minus inches			X
09:49:00	1st 10	5 yards			X
09:38:00	1^st goal	5 yards			X
08:16:00	3^rd goal	5 yards			X
07:37:00	4^th goal	5 yards minus inches			X
04:31:00	1st 10	5 yards		Prime right		X
04:22:00	2^nd 7	5.5 yards			X
03:06:00	1^st 10	5 yards		Prime		X
	Fake reverse, Johnson prime receiver, Green scrambles.
02:00:00	1st 10	5 yards
	Exception # 1 Flea flicker
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------










	Johnson pre snap keys Pass:

	Pass: - setback less than 4 2/3 yards

	Setbacks were basically 4 yards or less with one being 4 1/3 yards

Chiefs-Jaguars Dec. 31, 2006

Snap time	Down/Yards	Setback	Pass	Prime	Run	Play action
1^st quarter
12:19:00	1st 10	3.5 yards	X
10:55:00	2^nd 8	3 yards	X

2^nd quarter
09:51:00	1st 10	4 1/3 yards	X
08:59:00	2^nd goal	3 2/3 yards	X
02:35:00	2nd 10	4 yards	Exception # 2	Screen left

On third down and long (Johnson not directly involved)
1^st quarter
10:23:00	3^rd 8	4 yards	X
07:59:00	3^rd 8	3.5 yards

2^nd quarter
03:40:00	3^rd 6	3.5 yards	X

3^rd quarter
Done, but cannot find backup material. 14 plays were charted. Only one exception.

13:43:00	3^rd 7		Exception # 3	Screen
Exception to Johnson not being used directly on 3^rd and long.

02:09:00	2^nd 9	4 yards	Planned x	Dump


	Accuracy: 35/38 = 92%

If my work does not reach a tolerance of 85% accuracy, it is normally chucked.

In defense of pre snap keys:
	Both teams know football keys, so offenses can show pass and (RUN), show run and (PASS).

Note: If offense is aware of it's pre snap keys, and tries to pass off bad information:
	- a good pre snap reader can tell real from contrived or forced pre snap keys.
	Will discuss at later date, ways to identify contrived pre snap keys vs automatic pre snap keys.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Jamal Lewis Pre Snap Keys Run Prime

	Jamal Lewis pre snap keys:
	Run-prime: - settles in quick and quiet
		-no extra movements after setup

Expanded description given to Colts:
	Jamal setup is earlier and is in set position prior to McNair being set.

	Only charted plays where complete setup could be seen.

Ravens-Steelers Dec. 24, 2006

RUNS:

Time	Down/Yards	Quick/Quiet	Run	Prime
1^st quarter
13:13:00	1^st 10	X	X
07:14:00	1^st 10	X	X
06:39:00	1^st 10	X	X

2^nd quarter
12:32:00	1^st 10	X	X
07:28:00	1st 10	X	X

3^rd quarter
14:39:00	2^nd 1	X	Fullback 34 runs

07:55:00	1^st 10	X	X
03:48:00	1^st 15	X	X

03:14:00	2^nd 4	X	X

4^th quarter
12:45:00	1^st 10	X	X
11:58:00	2^nd 10	X	Planned x


PRIME
2^nd quarter
06:27:00	2^nd 10	X		X

3^rd quarter
13:21:00	2^nd 6	X		X

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------





	Lewis pre snap keys Pass:
	Pass: - settles in late or slow
	- in relation to McNair setting up under centre


Time	Down/Yards	Late/Slow	Pass
2^nd quarter
13:08:00	1st 10	X	X
09:57:00	1st 10	X	X
08:33:00	2^nd 11	X	X

3^rd quarter
14:56:00	1st 10	X	X

4th quarter
13:04:00	2^nd 9	X		Lewis prime
	Exception # 1 – setup should have been quick
		- like 6:27 prime above

	Accuracy: - 17/18 = 94%
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Freeman Super Bowl Pre Snap Keys Run Prime

	Freeman pre snap keys:
	Run-prime: - focus
	After final setup, Freeman's look remains focused

	Broncos-Falcons Oct. 9, 2016 up to Seahawks-Falcons Jan. 14, 2017
	-shows strong consistency

Saints-Falcons Jan.1, 2017				After setup
		After setup		Looks
Snap time	Down/Yards	Focus		Side to side	Run-prime	Pass
1^st quarter (left elevation)
12:45:00	1^st 10	X			Prime
03:53:00	1^st 10	X			X
2^nd quarter (right elevation)
12:26:00	1^st 10	X			X
11:23:00	1^st 10	X			X
03:04:00	1st 10	X			X
1:19s	1st 10	X			Prime
0:40s	2^nd 3	X			X

	Freeman head roll (run key). Done earlier games but in Super Bowl, very often.
Falcons-Patriots Feb. 5, 2017
1^st quarter (right elevation)			Head roll
13:37:00	1^st 10	X	2x		X
12:55:00	1^st 10	X	X		X
5:08s	1st 10	X	Worth explaining.		Coleman run right
	Seen from 0.20 seconds on play clock.			Coleman like to peek in direction of run.
	Coleman peeks right 3 times. Ryan's moves feet together so it's not a pass.
03:45:00	1^st 10	X	X		X

2^nd quarter (left elevation)
13:11:00	1^st 10	X	X		X
12:46:00	1^st 10	X			X
12:15:00	2^nd 1	X	X		X

3^rd quarter (right elevation)
14:54s	1st 10	X	Small x		X
	Looks right, looks straight ahead, head down and a small roll up. Then focus.
09:28:00	2^nd 2	X	2x		X
0:59s	2^nd 11	X		Planned prime

4^th quarter (left elevation)
05:53:00	1^st 10	X			Prime	Play action
	Focus key: run-prime, so after play action, has to be prime.
05:18:00	1^st 10	X			X
04:40:00	1^st 10	X	Small x		X
	Freeman follows player shift. Normally doesn't. Also peeks at 93 as he resets.


	Devonta Freeman Super Bowl Pre Snap Keys Pass to other:
	Pass: - looks side to side

Saints-Falcons Jan.1, 2017				After setup
		After setup		Looks
Snap time	Down/Yards	Focus		Side to side	Run-prime	Pass
2^nd quarter (right elevation)
14:23:00	2^nd goal			X		X
11:54:00	2^nd 9			X		X
10:48:00	2^nd 7			X		X
2:57s	2^nd 8			X		X
1:58s	1^st 10			X		X
0:36s	3^rd 2			X		X

Falcons-Patriots Feb. 5, 2017
2^nd quarter (left elevation)
13:29:00	1^st 10			X		X
	After player shift, helmet side to side continue, but are very small movements.

3^rd quarter (right elevation)
14:11s	2^nd 13			X	Dump
10:26s	2^nd 10	Quick snap, no keys.

4^th quarter (left elevation)
4:47s	2^nd 9			X		X
	After 5^th man up to line, Freeman focused. Knew where he had to block.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Blount Pre Snap Keys Shotgun Run Direction


	Same run direction keys noticed in previous games.

	Blount shotgun pre snap keys run direction:

	Gut: - Blount foot closest to Brady is set back about 4 “

	Left: - Blount feet even		]
			] - runs across Brady, continues in same direction
	Right: - Blount feet even		]

Note:	Blount can be on either side of Brady for above run direction keys.

Patriots-Falcons Feb. 5, 2017
		Final setup
- s = shotgun		Foot closest to Brady	Final setup
Snap time	Down/Yards	Set back 4”	Feet even	Gut	Left	Right
1^st quarter (right elevation)
8:38s	1^st 10		X		X
0:58s	1^st 10	X		X
0:24s	2^nd 3		X			X

2^nd quarter (left elevation)
5:12s	1st 10		X		X

3^rd quarter (right elevation)
2:43s	1st 10		X		X

	Same run direction keys noticed in previous games.

	Blount can be on either side of Brady for above run direction keys.

	Gut: - Blount foot closest to Brady is set back about 4 “

	Left: - Blount feet even		]
			] - runs across Brady, continues in same direction
	Right: - Blount feet even		]

Note:	Blount can be on either side of Brady for above run direction keys.

Patriots-Steelers Jan. 22, 2017
		Final setup
		Foot closest to Brady	Final setup
Snap time	Down/Yards	Set back 4”	Feet even	Gut	Left	Right
1^st quarter (right elevation)
3:27s	2^nd 6		X		X

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LeGarrette Blount Pre Snap Keys Run Direction Brady Under Center

l
	Same run direction keys noticed in previous games

	Blount pre snap keys, run direction Brady under centre:
	Right: - right foot forward in final setup
	Gut or left: - feet even in final setup
	Wide right: - feet even in final setup

Patriots-Steelers Jan. 22, 2017


Snap time	Down/Yards	Right forward	Feet even	Left forward	Run left	Gut	Run right	Run far right
1^st quarter
04:01:00	1^st 10		X		X

2^nd quarter
10:51:00	2^nd 1			X	X
	Normally, Blount feet are even on runs left.
09:03:00	2^nd 8	X					X

3^rd quarter
12:18:00	2^nd 2		X			X
	Planned gut run right of cente.
Audible:	Brady sees defenders heavy to Patriots right side. Makes Blount aware play is run left.
	Just before getting under centre, waves left hand (side of leg) confirming left run.
					X
04:31:00	1^st 10	X					X
03:23:00	1^st 10		X		X
02:44:00	1^st goal	X					X

4^th quarter
13:06:00	1^st 10		X			X
12:32:00	2^nd 1		X			X
08:22:00	3^rd 1	X					X
07:56:00	1^st goal	X					Planned x
Audible:	Not available to be seen.
03:35:00	1^st 10		X					Planned x
Note:	Play to the right was killed. Brady tapped helmet both sides and looked to the right.
	With Blount's feet even, play being killed had to be (run far right).
Audible:	Brady then pointed left of centre for run direction.				X
02:51:00	2^nd 7		X		X
02:44:00	3^rd 1	X					X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



	LeGarrette Blount Run Direction Brady under Center Super Bowl Feb 5, 2017

Patriots-Falcons Feb. 5, 2017


Snap time	Down/Yards	Right forward	Feet even	Left forward	Run left	Gut	Run right	Run far right
1^st quarter
14:26:00	3^rd 1	X					X

2nd quarter
14:19:00	1^st 10	X				Planned	X
Audible:	Brady signals Blount with left arm, for a run left.
07:34:00	1^st 10	X				Planned	X
	Brady kills play (taps both sides of helmet) and points to right side.
	Run right is killed. Brady's then puts left arm on thigh confirming left run
					X
	Brady turns head to right as he gives backs left signal. Distraction look.
06:01:00	1^st 10	X					X
	Brady pretending a kill for a play left that never was.

3rd quarter
04:07:00	1^st 10	X				Planned	X
Audible:	Brady points for gut run, just right of cente.					X
03:17:00	2^nd 5	X					X
	Brady's left arm does not point left. It's a quick stab in the left direction.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Tomlinson Pre Snap Keys Run-Prime

Tevin Coleman pre snap keys Run Direction Super Bowl:

Johnson pre snap keys Pass:

Lewis pre snap keys Pass:

Devonta Freeman Super Bowl Pre Snap Keys Pass to other:

LeGarrette Blount Run Direction Brady under Center Super Bowl Feb 5, 2017